Tissue retractor

ABSTRACT

A surgical site retractor is configured to retract tissue, such as in an intercostal procedure. The retractor may be formed from non-radiopaque material for improved monitoring via X-ray imaging. The retractor may have a rigid retractor and a soft tissue retractor, where the rigid retractor has a plurality of legs and the soft tissue retractor extends between the legs to prevent soft tissue from extending between said legs. The retractor may have a bendable arm with an implement holder, such as distal cuff or clip adapted to resiliently hold an implement such as a tube of an elongated port-access device. A method involves partly installing the surgical site retractor, expanding the surgical site retractor, deploying the surgical implement from outside the body through the incision and into the patient, resiliently capturing the implement with the holder of the arm, and bending the arm to hold the implement in a desired position.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/327,440, filed Jul. 9, 2014, now, U.S. Pat. No. 9,808,231, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 61/844,405, filed Jul. 9,2013, the entire contents all of which are incorporated by referenceherein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to methods and devices forminimally invasive and less invasive surgical access. More particularly,the present invention provides retractors for tissues and methods fortheir use to provide access into body cavities, such as during a cardiacprocedure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Heart valve disease continues to be a significant cause of morbidity andmortality, resulting from a number of ailments including rheumatic feverand birth defects. Recent statistics show that valvular heart disease isresponsible for nearly 20,000 deaths each year in the United States, andis a contributing factor in approximately 42,000 deaths. Currently, theprimary treatment of aortic valve disease is valve replacement.Worldwide, there are approximately 300,000 heart valve replacementsurgeries performed annually.

Coronary artery disease also remains a leading cause of morbidity andmortality and manifests in a number of ways. For example, disease of thecoronary arteries can lead to insufficient blood flow resulting in thediscomfort and risks of angina and ischemia. In severe cases, acuteblockage of coronary blood flow can result in myocardial infarction,leading to immediate death or damage to the myocardial tissue.

A number of interventional approaches have been developed for treatingheart valve and coronary artery disease. For instance, annuloplastyrings have been developed in various shapes and configurations over theyears to correct mitral regurgitation and other conditions which reducethe functioning of the valve. Heart valve replacement may be indicatedwhen there is a narrowing of a native heart valve, commonly referred toas stenosis, or when the native valve leaks or regurgitates, such aswhen the leaflets are calcified. When replacing the valve, the nativevalve may be excised and replaced with either a biologic or a mechanicalvalve. Coronary blockage can often be treated endovascularly usingtechniques such as balloon angioplasty, atherectomy, or stents.

Most interventional techniques are conducted under general anesthesiaand require that the patient's sternum be opened and the chest be spreadapart to provide access to the heart. The first 2-3 days followingsurgery are spent in an intensive care unit where heart functions can beclosely monitored. The average hospital stay is between 1 to 2 weeks,with several more weeks to months required for complete recovery. Whileoften very effective, the use of open-heart surgery to perform cardiacprocedures is a highly traumatic to the patient.

Recently, minimally invasive surgical techniques and procedures toperform coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and other traditionallyopen-chest cardiac surgical procedures are gaining acceptance. A widevariety of laparoscopic, arthroscopic, endovascular, and other surgicaltherapies have been developed. These procedures generally utilizetrocars, cannulas, catheters, or other tubular sheaths to provide anartificial lumen, through which specialized tools are inserted andmanipulated by the surgeon.

Some researchers propose implanting prosthetic heart valves at theaortic annulus using a direct-access transapical (through the leftventricular apex) approach (e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No.2006-0074484). The left ventricular apex LVA is directed downward,forward, and to the left (from the perspective of the patient). The apextypically lies behind the fifth left intercostal space (or between thefourth and fifth), 8 to 9 cm from the mid-sternal line, and about 4 cmbelow and 2 mm to the medial side of the left mammary papilla. Access tothe left ventricle may therefore be attained through an intercostalincision positioned over the fifth left intercostal space. Such anapproach is often termed a “mini-thoracotomy,” and lends itself tosurgical operations on the heart carried out using one or more shorttubes or “ports”—thus, the operations are often referred to as“port-access” procedures.

Dehdashtian in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007-0112422 discloses aport-access delivery system for transapical delivery of a prostheticheart valve including a balloon catheter having a steering mechanismthereon that passes through an access device such as an introducer. Thesurgeon forms a puncture in the apex with a needle, advances aguidewire, then a dilator, and finally the introducer. EdwardsLifesciences sells the Sapien™ Heart Valve that may be insertedtransapically with the Ascendra™ delivery system, much like the systemdisclosed in Dehdashtian.

Often, direct- or port-access techniques are conducted or proposed foroff-pump, or beating heart procedures. The advantages of eliminatingopen-heart procedures and cardiopulmonary bypass are evident. Challengesremain in retracting and stabilizing tissue, and in providing improvedvisualization, during these procedures. During port-access procedures,it can be helpful for a retractor to create an opening through whichsurgeons can not only advance medical devices but which also provide avisualization area of sufficient size. Many current retractors provideretraction in only two opposing directions, which can limit the size ofthe opening provided. Other retractors have radiopacity that prevents asurgeon from seeing the desired field of view beyond the retractor viaX-ray or similar techniques. An additional issue is the need to holdmedical devices during a procedure. For example, during ring or valvereplacement, the ring and/or valve is often secured to a handle fordelivery through the access port. During the procedure, this handle istypically held within the access port at a desired position by a secondoperator who assists the main surgeon conducting the procedure. Thesurgeon typically takes needle and suture one at a time and goes aroundthe ring/valve perimeter in order to secure the ring/valve within thenative valve annulus.

During many surgeries, such as valve surgeries, there is a need for aretractor that can create an opening through which surgeons can operate,which may include retraction of bone as well as soft tissues. In somecases there is also a need for the retractor to create a sufficientvisualization area for the surgeon to visualize the operating areawithin the patient. Some current retractors retract the tissue inlimited directions which can limit the size of the opening created (thuslimiting the access and/or visualization). Other retractors have mayhave excessively radiopaque materials that may prevent X-rayvisualization of the field of view beyond the radiopaque retractor.

Another potential issue during surgeries such as heart valve repair(e.g., valve ring deployment) and/or heart valve replacement proceduresis the number of personnel required to conduct the procedure. Forexample, in a valve ring or prosthetic valve deployment, the valve ringor prosthetic valve is typically secured to a handle that must be heldin place while the main surgeon stitches (e.g., with needle and suturepassing around the valve/ring perimeter to secure the prosthetic inplace) or otherwise secures the valve ring/prosthetic valve in itsdesired position in the patient. Typically a second operator is requiredto hold the valve ring/prosthetic valve in place via the handle duringthe stitching process. deployed from a valve ring or valve the

There is a need for improved retractors capable of creating a portopening with improved visualization while eliminating the need for asecond operator to hold the handle of the deployment device. The currentinvention satisfies these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Preferred embodiments of the present application provide a retractorconfigured to create a relatively large access opening through arelatively small incision, with the goal of improving visualization. Theretractor may be formed from non-radiopaque materials to improvevisualization of the field of view beyond the retractor when X-rayvisualization is used. The retractor may include a flexible/bendable armthat can hold the valve/ring (via valve/ring holder handle) to reducethe number of personnel required for the procedure. In particular, thepresent application discloses retractors that assist a port-access heartvalve ring delivery system and/or prosthetic heart valve delivery systemfor delivery of a same through the heart wall to a native valve site.

A surgical retractor according to the invention may be formed largely,or entirely, of non-radiopaque materials for improved X-ray imagingduring the procedure.

The surgical retractor according to embodiments of the invention mayinclude one or more arms capable of being bent into and retaining avariety of shapes attaches to the main frame extending away from thebase. The arm may include various holders for surgical implements, suchas a cuff attached to the arm at a distal end thereof, the cuff having astiff C-shaped partial ring and a flexible gasket held across an areadefined within the C-shaped partial ring. The gasket defines a slitdirected toward an open mouth of the C-shaped partial ring, the openmouth being sized larger than an elongated port-access device having atube such that the cuff can be pressed around the tube, or vice versa,with the tube entering the slit and being resiliently held by thegasket. Other holders include grasping-style (i.e., vise-like) holdersand snap-on connections.

Another aspect of the application is a rigid retractor and soft tissueretractor combination for assisting an intracardiac procedure through anincision. The rigid retractor may include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more legswhich, in the closed position, are positioned adjacent each other in asubstantially central position, but when the retractor is opened thelegs move apart to press hard tissue portions, such as ribs, apart. Asoft tissue retractor may be positioned to cover the spacing betweenlegs to prevent soft tissues from pressing between the spaces betweenthe legs of the retractor.

A surgical site retractor according to an embodiment of the inventioncomprises a rigid retractor having a base defining a periphery having asize that enables it to be held against an exterior chest wall by thesurgical site retractor and around a chest incision, a plurality of legsextending downwardly from the base, a gear or other assembly configuredto move the legs from a substantially central position on the base andadjacent each other to a substantially non-central position where thelegs are spaced apart from other and defining a periphery of an openspace therebetween. The retractor may include a one or more armsattached to and extending away from the base and capable of being bentinto and retaining a variety of shapes, with an implement holder securedto a distal end of each of the arms. The implement holder may be a cuffwith a flexible gasket, or a clip-like clamping element, or similargrasping assemblies. The base may define a slightly concave lowercontact face, and the base and gears and legs and other elements of theretractor may be formed predominantly from non-radiopaque materials. Thelegs may have various lengths (e.g., 0.25 to 4 inches, 0.5 to 3 inches,2 to 3 inches, 1 to 3 inches, or more), and various diameters (or forlegs with non-circular cross sections other thicknesses), e.g., between0.1 and 0.8 inches. The retractor may have a soft tissue retractorsecured to the legs, and the soft tissue retractor may comprise aflexible film extending between the legs and around the peripherydefined by the legs. The soft tissue retractor may have a substantiallycontinuous loop of flexible film defining a soft tissue retractorperimeter. A plurality of tubes may be secured to the continuous loop offilm, each of the tubes extending at least partially across the loop offlexible film in a direction substantially perpendicular to theperimeter. The tubes may be configured to slidingly receive the legs,and may have a depth equal to the length of the legs. The soft tissueretractor may have a depth of 0.25 to 4 inches, 0.5 to 3 inches, 2 to 3inches, 1 to 3 inches, or more.

A soft tissue retractor according to the invention may have asubstantially continuous loop of flexible film, the continuous loopdefining a perimeter (which may be between 4 and 12 inches or more incircumference, and may have a depth of between 1 and 3 inches or more),and a plurality of tubes secured to the continuous loop of film, each ofthe tubes extending at least partially across the loop of flexible filmin a direction substantially perpendicular to the perimeter. Each of thetubes may define an inner lumen, which may have an inner diameter thatmay, for example, be between 0.1 to 0.8 inches. Each tube may have alength, which may be between 0.25 and 4 inches, 0.5 and 3 inches, 1 and2 inches, 1 to 3 inches, or other lengths, depending on the particularapplication. The tube length may match the continuous loop depth. Thecontinuous loop may be formed from a film of translucent or transparentmaterial for improved visibility of the tissues being retracted andother aspects of the surgical site. The film may be a polymer film, suchas polyurethane or equivalent thermoplastic elastomer, and may havevarious thicknesses, such as a thickness of 1 to 3 mm.

A further aspect described herein provides a combination of devices forperforming an intracardiac procedure through an intercostal incision ina chest wall. The combination features a retractor that includes an armattached to the base and capable of being bent into a variety of shapesand a cuff or other implement-holding element attached to the armopposite the base. A port-access device having a tube sized to pass fromoutside the chest wall through the intercostal incision and through apuncture in the heart wall is resiliently held by the arm at a desiredposition. The surgical site retractor may have rigid elements (e.g.,legs for spreading adjacent ribs) as well as a “soft” retractor thatincludes a material extending between retractor legs to prevent softtissues from extending therebetween. The legs are sized to pass throughthe intercostal incision and expand therein to move adjacent ribs apart.

A method for performing an intracardiac procedure through an intercostalincision is described herein. The method includes: partly installing asurgical site retractor by extending legs thereof into a body openingsuch as an intercostal incision; moving the legs of the retractor apartfrom each other in order to engage and press adjacent ribs apart;deploying an implement through the incision, such as a port-accessdevice having a tube, which may be deployed from outside the bodythrough the incision and through a puncture in the heart wall; andcapturing the port-access device via an implement-holding mechanism on adistal end of a bendable positioning arm attached to the base of theretractor.

The above method may include installing the retractor with a soft tissueretractor positioned over the legs, and expanding the soft tissueretractor when the legs of the retractor are moved to the open position.

Arms attached to and extending away from the retractors may be capableof being bent into and retaining a variety of shapes, and may haveimplement-holding elements such as a distal cuff or distal clip attachedthereto opposite the base. The arms may be formed of segments secured inend-to-end fashion to form the arm, and may have a malleable elementextending through aligned throughbores in the segments substantially theentire length of each arm. Additionally, a frictional interface tube maybe sized to closely surround the malleable element and fit closelywithin the aligned throughbores. In one embodiment, the malleableelement is a malleable tube and the frictional interface tube is anelastomer.

Another aspect of the present application is a combination of devicesfor performing an intracardiac procedure through a chest incisioncomprising a surgical site retractor for holding open the chestincision. A surgical retractor including a base having an arm extendingtherefrom is adapted to be positioned at least partially within thechest wall to expand same. The bendable arm attached to the base may becapable of being bent into a variety of shapes.

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention are set forth in the following description and claims,particularly when considered in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings in which like parts bear like reference numerals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the present invention will become appreciatedas the same become better understood with reference to thespecification, claims, and appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a top view of a retractor system shown with a singlearticulated arm and heart valve ring with holder according to anembodiment of the current invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a rigid spreader retractor and soft tissueretractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 3A-3C are perspective views of a rigid spreader retractor inclosed, partially open, and fully open configurations, respectively,according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4A-4C are perspective views of a rigid spreader retractor withsoft tissue retractor in closed, partially open, and fully openconfigurations, respectively, according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIGS. 5A-5B are bottom perspective and top views, respectively, of arigid spreader retractor in a closed configuration according to anembodiment of the current invention;

FIG. 6 is a top view of the rigid spreader retractor of FIGS. 5A-5B witha soft tissue retractor in an open configuration;

FIGS. 7A-7C depict top, side, and perspective views of a soft tissueretractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 8A-8B are distal and side views of legs of a rigid retractoraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 9A-9B are distal and side views of legs of a rigid retractoraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 10A-10C are distal, side, and side views, respectively, of a legof a rigid retractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 11A-11C are distal, side, and side views, respectively, of a legof a rigid retractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 12A-12C are distal, side, and side views, respectively, of a legof a rigid retractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 13A-13C are distal, side, and side views, respectively, of a legof a rigid retractor according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a side view of an articulated arm according to an embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 15A is a schematic frontal view of a patient showing the locationof an intercostal incision providing access to the apex of the leftventricle of the heart;

FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of a patient's chest wall showing arigid spreader retractor with soft tissue retractor deployed through anintercostal incision according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view through the left side of a patient'sheart showing a transapical procedure for implanting a prosthetic heartvalve assisted by a rigid spreader retractor with soft tissue retractoraccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a rigid spreader retractor according toan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a rigid spreader retractor witharticulated arm according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 19-20 are perspective views, in closed and open configurations,respectively, of a rigid spreader retractor with articulated arm holdinga heart valve ring and holder according to an embodiment of theinvention; and

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a surgical procedure carried out with arigid spreader retractor through an intercostal incision according to anembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An exemplary embodiment of a tissue retractor system 10 is shown in FIG.1 and essentially comprises a rigid spreader retractor 12, a soft tissueretractor 14, and an articulated arm 16. In the particular embodimentdepicted, the arm 16 is holding a heart valve ring 18 via a heart valvering holder 20. The retractor system 10 is capable of holding anincision or other body access point in an open position to providevisual access and/or physical access into a patient's body. For example,the retractor system may be used to provide physical access via anincision (e.g., an intercostal incision) for one or more tools (such asport-access devices), with the articulated arm configured to hold thetool(s) and provide stability thereto. As will be seen below, anexemplary form of the retractor is adapted to be advanced into asurgical/port incision or other access port into a human body and tospread the tissue outwardly to expand the incision to provide accesstherethrough.

As seen in FIGS. 2-4B, an exemplary rigid spreader retractor 12 isformed from a substantially circular main frame 22 having a top 24 and abottom 26 and defining a substantially circular main frame centralopening 28 (although other shapes, e.g., elliptical, square,rectangular, triangular, etc., for the opening and/or main frame arealso within the scope of the invention). In a preferred embodiment, themain frame may define a lower surface with a slightly concave curvaturethat may conform to an outer surface of the patient adjacent theincision. The main frame may be formed from a single unitary piece ofmaterial, such as a single piece of metal and/or polymer, includingmaterials formed from known techniques such as molding and/or machining.The main frame 22 includes a plurality of recesses 30.

A plurality of arms 32 a-32 d are positioned in the main frame centralopening 28, with a proximal end 34 of each arm 32 a-32 d positioned ineach of the inward-facing recesses 30. The arms 32 a-32 d are held inthe recesses 30 via hinge posts 36 (which could be formed with screws orother connections) passing through frame hinge-point holes 38 and armhinge-point holes 40. Each arm 34 a-34 d has a distal end 42, with arespective length 44 a-44 d from proximal end 34 to distal end 42. Ineach 32 a-32 d arm is a pivot slot 46 in a central portion thereof,running substantially parallel to the length of each arm.

An upper gear 50 and a lower gear 52 are positioned within the mainframe central opening 28, with portions (e.g., proximal portions) of thearms 32 a-32 d sandwiched between the gears 50, 52. Each of the gears50, 52 has a series of gear teeth 54, 56 extending at least partiallyalong a circumference thereof. In the particular embodiment depicted,the series of gear teeth 54, 56 for each gear 50, 52 are on an outercircumferential portion of the gears 50, 52, although other positionsfor the gear teeth are also within the scope of the invention. The uppergear 50 and lower gear 52 are held together via a plurality of gearconnecting posts 58 (and/or screws or similar connectors) which extendfrom upper gear 50 to lower gear 52 and also pass through the pivotslots 46 of the respective arms 32 a-32 d. The gears 50, 52 fit withinthe main frame central opening 28, and can rotate therewithin.

A rotation control knob 60 is rotatably secured to the main frame 22 ata control knob connection opening 68 formed at the side of the mainframe central opening 28. The rotation control knob 60 includes a handleportion 62 and a knob gear 64 with gear teeth 66. The knob gear teeth 66extend into contact with the gear teeth 54, 56 of the gears 50, 52, sothat rotation of the control knob 60 causes a corresponding rotation ofthe gears 50, 52. A rotation control knob lock 70 has an unlockedposition that permits the rotation control knob 60 to be rotated, and alocked position where the lock 70 prevents rotation of the rotationcontrol knob 60.

Extending downwardly from each of the arms 32 a-32 d is a leg 72 a-72 d.The legs extend away from the main frame in a downward direction. Eachleg 72 a-72 d has a length 74 from leg proximal end 76 to leg distal end78. Different leg lengths are within the scope of the invention, withthe particular leg length depending on the particular embodiment(including desired use, etc.). For example, a retractor for use inintercostal openings during, e.g., cardiac procedures, may have legswith lengths of between 1 and 3 inches.

Due to the positioning of the gear connecting posts 58 within the armpivot slots 46, rotation of the gears 50, 52 about the main framecentral opening 28 causes corresponding hinge-like rotation of the arms32 a-32 d about their respective hinge posts 36. This hinge-likerotation brings the arm distal ends 42 from a central/closed position(where the distal ends 42 are positioned toward the center of the mainframe opening 28) to an open position (where the distal ends are movedoutward to a position at or adjacent the outer perimeter of the mainframe opening 28). In the assembled rigid retractor, rotation of thecontrol knob 62 causes corresponding opening and closing of the arms 32a-32 d and legs 72 a-72 d. The opening and closing of the arms 32 a-32 dand legs 72 a-72 d are depicted in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C, where FIGS. 3Aand 4A depict the closed configuration, FIGS. 3B and 4B depict partiallyopen, and FIGS. 3C and 4C depict fully open.

An arm support base 80 is secured to the main frame 22 via known methodsto the main frame 22, such as via a removable snap-fit adaptor 82 (e.g.,with adaptor release buttons 84) removably advanced and connected withinan adaptor snap-fit opening 86 in the main frame 22. Pressing inwardlyand/or downwardly on the adaptor release buttons 84 permits a user toslidingly remove the snap-fit adaptor 82 from the main frame 22. The armsupport base 80 has an upper arm-receiving portion 88 configured to besecured to a flexible arm assembly (e.g., element 16 from FIG. 1).

A soft tissue retractor 14 is configured to be slidingly positioned overand around the legs 72 a-72 d, as depicted in FIGS. 4A-4C. The softtissue retractor 14, depicted more clearly in FIGS. 7A-7C, has a depth92 and a perimeter 94. Note that FIG. 7A-7B depict the soft tissueretractor outer portion 90 without the leg-receiving pockets, while FIG.7C depicts the complete soft tissue retractor 14 with pockets 96. Asshown in FIG. 7C, the soft tissue retractor 14 includes one or more(e.g., four as depicted) leg-receiving pockets 96 which maysubstantially match the dimensions (e.g., shape, width, and/or length)of the rigid retractor legs. The perimeter 94 of the soft tissueretractor, and the positions of the leg-receiving pockets 96 positionedthereon, may match the outline and locations of the legs when the rigidretractor is in the open position. For example, for a rigid retractorsuch as in FIGS. 2-4B where the legs in the open configuration form asubstantially non-square rectangular shape, the leg-receiving pocketsare positioned about the perimeter of the soft tissue retractor so whenthe soft-tissue retractor is opened with leg-receiving pockets atcorners thereof, the leg-receiving pockets form corners of arectangular- (non-square) shape defined by the soft tissue retractor.Such an embodiment is depicted in FIG. 7C, where opposing sides (e.g.,98 a and 98 c, or 98 b and 98 d) are of equal length but adjacent sidesare of different lengths. For a rigid retractor with “square” legpattern such as the embodiment in FIGS. 5A-5B, the leg-receiving pocketsof the soft tissue retractor would desirably form corners of asquare-shape defined by the soft tissue retractor (e.g., where all sidesof the soft tissue retractor are of equal length). The soft-tissueretractor thus should substantially match whatever shape is defined bythe legs of the opened rigid retractor.

The soft tissue retractor may be formed from various materials, such as3-5 mil polyurethane. The soft tissue retractor may preferably be formedfrom material which cannot stretch much at all so that inward pressurefrom soft tissue is strongly resisted. Alternatively, for stretchablematerial the material when tensioned in the open position should havesufficient strength to strongly resist any inward pressure from the softtissue.

In an embodiment where opposing arms (e.g., 32 a and 32 c, or 32 b and32 d) have equal lengths but adjacent arms have non-equal lengths, asdepicted in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C, when the retractor is in the closedposition the legs 72 a-72 d may align in a line toward the center of theframe central opening (as depicted in FIGS. 3A, 4A, 8A), which may makeit easier to advance the line of legs into a lengthwise incision 100, asdepicted in FIG. 8B. In the open configuration, the legs form anon-square rectangular pattern (and thus will form a substantiallyrectangular and non-square surgical access opening in the incision/otheropening into the patient) about the circumference, as depicted in FIGS.3C and 4C. In an embodiment where the arm lengths 44 a-44 d areessentially the same for all the arms 32 a-32 d, as depicted in FIGS.5A-6, in the retractor closed position the legs may be bunched adjacentto each other in square pattern (FIGS. 5A-5B and 9A-9B), which may makeit easier to advance the bunch of legs into a puncture-like opening 102,such as that formed via a trocar, as depicted in FIG. 9B. In the openconfiguration, the legs form a square pattern (and thus will form asubstantially square surgical access opening when the retractor isopened in the incision/other opening into the patient) about thecircumference, as depicted in FIGS. 6A-6D.

The legs 72 a-72 d may taper from their proximal ends 76 toward theirdistal ends 78, with the tapered distal ends 78 easing the advancementof the legs into an incision or other opening through which theretractor is advanced. Various tapers are within the scope of theinvention. For example, the taper for all or some legs of a retractor ofthe invention may be centered to form a single center tip 104, asdepicted in FIGS. 10A-C. The taper for all or some legs of a retractorof the invention may be toward a single tip 106 but toward one side ofthe leg, so that the distal tip is positioned toward one side of the leg(as opposed to being in the longitudinal center of the leg) as depictedin FIGS. 11A-C. The taper for all or some legs of a retractor of theinvention may be centered to form a single line tip 108 extending acrossthe distal end of the leg 72, as depicted in FIGS. 12A-C. The taper forall or some legs of a retractor of the invention may be toward a singleline 110 but toward one side of the leg, so that the distal tip ispositioned toward one side of the leg (as opposed to being in thelongitudinal center of the leg) as depicted in FIGS. 13A-C. For example,in the embodiment of FIGS. 5A-5B, the tapers may be positioned to oneside of each leg in similar fashion to FIGS. 11A-C above) in such a waythat when the retractor is in the closed position with the legs centeredtogether, the tapers of the legs are positioned adjacent to each otherin the centermost portion of the leg “bundle”, thus forming a leg bundlethat has an overall tapered profile, as depicted in FIGS. 9A-9B. Such aprofile may make it easier to advance the legs into a puncture-likeopening 102 in the patient as depicted in FIG. 9B. Similarly, in anembodiment such as that depicted in FIGS. 8A-8 b where the legs are in aline when in the closed position, the legs 72 a, 72 c may taper as inFIGS. 11A-11C, with the taper point positioned on the side closest tothe adjacent legs 72 b, 72 d. The inward legs 72 b, 72 d may taper as inFIGS. 12A-12C, with the taper line of the tips aligned with the linedefined by the adjacent legs 72 a-72 d as depicted in FIGS. 8A-8B forease of advancement into a lengthwise incision 100.

Elements of the rigid retractor 12, e.g., the main frame, gears, arms,legs, etc., may be formed from various materials, including metalsand/or polymers and/or ceramics or combinations thereof. Examples ofmaterials include stainless steel, aluminum, ULTEM, PEEK(polyetheretherketone—which may be reinforced with glass fibers, e.g.,20% by weight glass fibers), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), andother materials. Note that different elements may be formed fromdifferent materials from the other elements. For example, the main framemay be formed from somewhat softer materials than the retractorarms/legs and/or retractor posts. Depending on the particularembodiment, some or all of the elements may be formed fromnon-radiopaque materials for improved imaging ability during proceduresusing X-ray imaging.

The articulated arm 16 may be provided in a number of different formsthat provide rigidity or stability to an implement, such as a valvering/valve ring holder and/or prosthetic heart valve/prosthetic heartvalve holder/catheter, while also enabling easy manipulation toreposition the implement. Articulated arms are well known in the art,and the illustrated embodiment includes a plurality of linked segments120 that are coupled to each other through a ball joint or other similarthree-dimensional structural connection. Of course, a simple malleablearm may also be used with some loss of fine control, but the purpose ofthree-dimensional variation remains. In short, the illustratedarticulated arm 16 is shown as an example only, and many variations arepossible. In a preferred embodiment, adjustments can be made to thearticulation/positioning arm 16 at any time without a loosening/lockingmechanism. Furthermore, one such an articulated arm 16 may be used insome of the embodiments of retractors/procedures disclosed herein, withtwo or more arms provided for other embodiments of retractors/proceduresfor greater stability as described below.

The articulated arm 16 has a proximal end 122 which is depicted snappedonto the upper arm-receiving portion of the arm support base 80, whichcan itself be snapped onto the main frame base of the rigid retractor.The arm 16 comprises segments 120 that may snap together, with eachcontributing a compressive force against adjacent segments to maintainconstant friction. This friction between segments gives the arm 16 itsability to resist radial, axial, and rotational movement when externalforces are less than its frictional limit, but allows movement of thearm when the frictional force is exceeded. Each segment 120 is free torotate relative to adjacent segments about their common axes. A lumen(not shown) extending down the middle of the arm can house electricalwires for powering a component at the distal end 124 thereof and/orhouse a malleable rod down the center of the elements, which may provideenhanced resistance to external forces, and provide improvedstabilization. Typically, the segments 120 may be made of a polyestermaterial.

The arm distal end 124 is preferably configured to grasp an implementand hold it in position during a surgical procedure. For example, in theembodiment depicted, the arm distal end 124 includes a snap fitting 126configured to removably hold the handle of a valve ring holder such asthe holder 20 depicted in FIG. 1. Other embodiments of arm distal ends124 may include a stabilizing cuff-like structure or adjustablevise-like structure configured to grasp implements, such as catheters,etc. The element configured to grasp the implement may provide some giveto its capture of the implement, both securing it and permitting it tomove into different angles.

FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate the use of an exemplary retractor system 10during an intracardiac surgical procedure carried out with an implementin the form of a heart valve ring 18 and valve ring holder 20 through anintercostal incision I in a chest wall CW. As depicted in FIG. 15A, anintercostal incision I is formed between adjacent ribs R. The legs 72 ofthe rigid retractor 12, with soft tissue retractor 14 thereon, areadvanced into the incision I. The rigid retractor 12 is expanded to theopen configuration, so that the rigid retractor legs 72 hold the ribsapart and the soft tissue retractor 14 holds the soft tissue back,thereby creating an access and/or visualization opening for the surgeonor other medical personnel to use.

The main frame base 22 is held generally parallel to the chest wall CWsuch that the articulated arm 16 initially projects perpendicularly awaytherefrom. The base 22 may preferably be contoured to accommodate theshape of the patient's surface anatomy, such as having a concave lowersurface. Due to the high degree of malleability and rotatability of thearm 16, the implement holder 126 may be positioned and angled in adesired way to optimally receive and hold the desired implement. Theretractor base 22 thus provides a firm yet resilient support for theimplement, holding it at a desired position/angle for the particularsurgery.

The arm 16 can be articulated into a position that accommodates thenatural angle of the implement and the patient's anatomy, and theimplement can then be constrained, for example “snapped,” into theimplement holder of the arm 16. Adjustments can be made to thearticulation/positioning at any time, without a loosening/lockingmechanism.

As mentioned, the retractor system 10 may be used for a number ofprocedures, but is particularly well-suited for stabilizing an implementsuch as a heart valve ring holder or prosthetic heart valveholder/introducer sheath for intracardiac surgery. One surgicalprocedure that utilizes the devices of the present application is atransapical heart valve replacement through the left ventricular apex,as disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/821,628, filed Jun. 23,2010, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein. First,the prosthetic heart valve and various delivery instruments are selectedand prepared for use by removing them from any packaging and rinsing orsterilizing as needed. A prosthetic heart valve 134 is then crimped overa balloon 136 on a catheter 138.

An intercostal incision I in the chest wall CW between two ribs R andover the left ventricular apex LVA is created, as was depicted in FIG.15A. The rigid retractor legs 72 and soft tissue retractor 14 may beadvanced into and expanded within the intercostal incision I to holdback the tissue surrounding the incision I, thus enhancing access andvisibility to the left ventricular apex LVA.

Next, as seen in FIG. 16, the surgeon may install one or morepurse-string sutures 140 in the tissue of the left ventricular apex LVAof the heart 144 prior to formation of an initial puncture in the heartwall. In a preferred embodiment, the surgeon places a first line ofpurse-string sutures generally in a first circle in one direction, andthen places a second line of purse-string sutures generally in a circleconcentric to the first circle but in an opposite direction. The resultis two concentric circles of separate purse-string sutures defining aperiphery within which the puncture is formed. The purse-string sutures140 can therefore be pulled to cinch the ventricular tissue aroundwhatever object passes through the puncture. In particular, thepurse-string sutures are tightened around both a guidewire andintroducer sheath 130.

The surgeon introduces a guidewire through a pre-formed apical puncturein the left ventricle LV and within the purse string sutures, throughthe native aortic valve AV and into the ascending aorta AA. Apre-dilation step of the annulus may be performed to enlarge or crackexisting calcification in the aortic annulus. The surgeon then inserts adilator and introducer sheath 130 into the LV through the apicalpuncture as an access port.

At this point the introducer sheath 130 may be secured in place via theholder 132 (such as the cuff-like holder depicted) and the arm 16 of theretractor system 10 of the current invention. The surgeon can adjust theplacement of the arm 16 and introducer sheath 130 until a desiredplacement of the introducer sheath is achieved.

The balloon catheter is advanced over the guidewire and through theintroducer sheath 130. The surgeon locates the prosthetic heart valve134 at the aortic annulus and between the native aortic leaflets.Radiopaque markers may be provided on the distal tip of the introducersheath to more accurately determine its position relative to the valveand balloon. When the surgeon is satisfied of the proper positioning androtational orientation of the valve, as seen in FIG. 13, the balloon 136is expanded into contact with the annulus, thus deploying the heartvalve 134 at the desired position in the annulus.

The surgeon then deflates the balloon 136 and withdraws the entiredelivery system including the balloon catheter over the guidewire. Theintroducer sheath 130 is withdrawn, followed by the guidewire.Ultimately, the purse-string sutures previously described are cinchedtight and tied to close the puncture.

A single-arm retractor has been described as one embodiment of theinvention. However, retractors with multiple arms are also within thescope of the invention.

FIG. 17 depicts a disposable retractor 160 according to an embodiment ofthe invention. The disposable retractor 160 comprises a rack 162, afixed arm 164, and a movable arm 166. The fixed arm 164 is rotatablysecured via a hinge-like connection 168 to the base end 170 of the rack162. The movable arm 166 is rotatably secured via a hinge-likeconnection 172 to a car 174 movably secured to the rack 162. The car 174includes a control knob 176 which, when rotated, causes a gear 178 onthe lower part of the knob to engage teeth 180 on the rack and therebyeffectuate controlled movement of the car 174 along the rack 162.Movement of the car 174 along the rack 162 causes corresponding movementthe movable arm 166 with respect to the fixed arm 164. A lock 182 isprovided which can, when in the locked position, prevent movement of thecar 174 along the rack 162.

In the particular embodiment depicted, the fixed and movable arms 164,166 each have a proximal portion 184, 186, an intermediate portion 188,190, and a distal portion 192, 194. The proximal portion 184 of thefixed arm 164 is substantially parallel to the distal portion of thatsame arm. The intermediate portion 188 of the fixed arm 164 is angledwith respect to the proximal portion 184 and distal portion 192 by anangle of between 30 and 60 degrees. Similarly, the proximal portion 186of the movable arm 166 is substantially parallel to the distal portionof that same arm, while the intermediate portion 190 of the movable arm166 is angled with respect to the proximal portion 186 and distalportion 194 by an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees. Removable paddles196, 198 are connected, such as via sliding and/or snap connection, tothe distal portion 192, 194 of the arms 164, 166. Each paddle 196, 198includes a blade 200, 202 configured to be advanced into an incision andto engage and hold back tissue when the arms are spread apart.

The retractor 160 has an arm attachment 204, which in the particularembodiment is positioned at the base end of the rack (although otherpositions are also within the scope of the invention. The arm attachment204 is configured to receive and hold, such as via a snap-on connection,an articulated arm 206 similar (or even identical) to that depicted anddescribed as element 16 in FIGS. 1 and 14-16. The articulated arm 204,depicted in FIGS. 17-18, has a distal end 208 having animplement-grasping mechanism 208, which in the particular embodimentdepicted is a snap-on piece configured to engage and hold a valve ringholder 20 and valve ring 18 as depicted in FIGS. 19-20. As depicted inFIG. 19, the retractor in the closed position has its fixed and movablearms, and according the blades and paddles, relatively close together.To open the retractor (and thus open an incision in which thepaddles/blades are placed), a user rotates the control knob 176 to movethe movable arm 166 and associated paddle 198 and blade 202 away withrespect to the fixed arm 164 and associated paddle 196 and blade 200, asdepicted in FIG. 20. As depicted in FIG. 21, the retractor 160 can beused to hold open an incision I while simultaneously holding andstabilizing an implement such as a catheter 210. The spreader 160 canthus hold open adjacent ribs to form an aperture through which thecatheter 210 and other surgical instruments (not shown) may be passed.

In the particular embodiment depicted, all elements of the retractor(except potentially small components such as hinge pins) may benon-radiopaque. Moreover, the elements of the retractor may be formedform relatively inexpensive materials so that the entire retractor canbe disposed of after use. For example, ULTEM and/or PEEK, both of whichmay have glass fibers added (e.g., 20%, 30% fiber glass by weight) forimproved strength, may be used to form all or portions of the rigidretractor.

While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, itis to be understood that the words which have been used are words ofdescription and not of limitation. Therefore, changes may be made withinthe appended claims without departing from the true scope of theinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device for surgical retraction to create anopening in a patient, comprising: a main frame comprising a main frameproximal side and a main frame distal side, the main frame furthercomprising a central opening passing from the main frame proximal sideto the main frame distal side, the main frame comprising an outerstructure surrounding the central opening; a plurality of movable armsextending from the outer structure and into the central opening, eachmovable arm comprising an arm proximal end connected to the outerstructure and an arm distal end positioned in the central opening; aplurality of legs, wherein one of said plurality of legs extends fromeach of the plurality of movable arms, wherein each of said plurality oflegs comprises a leg proximal end secured to one of the plurality ofmovable arms, and each of said plurality of legs comprises a leg distalend, wherein each of said plurality of legs extends distally from themain frame distal side; wherein the device comprises a closedconfiguration wherein the plurality of movable arms extends into thecentral opening and the plurality of legs are positioned toward a centerportion of the central opening with the plurality of legs adjacent eachother with the leg distal ends forming a substantially straight linetherebetween when viewed from the main frame distal side, the devicefurther comprising an open configuration wherein the plurality ofmovable arms are moved so that the arm distal ends are positioned at oradjacent an outer perimeter of the central opening with each of theplurality of legs spaced apart from the other legs so that the pluralityof legs define a periphery having a polygonal shape, wherein each of theplurality of legs defines a corner of the polygonal shape.
 2. The deviceof claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of legs tapers toward the legdistal end.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein in the closedconfiguration the plurality of legs comprises a first end leg at a firstend of the substantially straight line, a second end leg at a second endof the substantially straight line, and one or more intermediate legspositioned in the substantially straight line between the first end legand the second end leg, wherein the first end leg is tapered toward aside of the leg distal end of the first end leg, the second end leg istapered toward a side of the leg distal end of the second end leg, andwherein each intermediate leg is tapered toward a center line at the legdistal end of the intermediate leg, wherein in the closed configurationthe center line of each intermediate leg is parallel to thesubstantially straight line formed by the leg distal ends.
 4. The deviceof claim 1, wherein the polygonal shape comprises a rectangle.
 5. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein each leg comprises a substantially circularprofile when viewed from the leg distal end.
 6. The device of claim 1,wherein each leg comprises a length between 1 and 3 inches.
 7. Thedevice of claim 6, further comprising: a soft tissue retractor securedto the plurality of legs, the soft tissue retractor comprising aflexible film extending between the plurality of legs and around theperiphery defined by the plurality of legs, wherein the soft tissueretractor comprises a plurality of tubes connected by the flexible film,wherein each of the plurality of tubes is slidingly disposed over acorresponding one of the plurality of legs.
 8. A surgical retractor,comprising: a base; and a plurality of legs extending downwardly fromthe base, wherein each of the plurality of legs comprises a lengthextending from a leg proximal end to a leg distal end; wherein theplurality of legs are secured to the base via an assembly configured tomove the plurality of legs from a first configuration where the legproximal ends are adjacent each other in a substantially centralposition on the base with the leg distal ends aligned with each other ina substantially straight line, to a second configuration where the legproximal ends are spaced apart from each other and in a substantiallynon-central position on the base such that the plurality of legs definea periphery of an open space therebetween.
 9. The surgical retractor ofclaim 8, wherein in the first configuration and in the secondconfiguration the plurality of legs are parallel to one another.
 10. Thesurgical retractor of claim 8, further comprising: an implement armattached to and extending away from the base and capable of being bentinto and retaining a variety of shapes; and an implement holder securedto a distal end of the implement arm.
 11. The surgical retractor ofclaim 10, wherein the implement holder comprises a holder cuff or adistal clip adapted to hold a part of an implement.
 12. The surgicalretractor of claim 8, wherein the length of each of the plurality oflegs is between 1 and 3 inches.
 13. The surgical retractor of claim 8,further comprising: a soft tissue retractor secured to the legs, thesoft tissue retractor comprising a flexible film extending between thelegs and around the periphery defined by the plurality of legs, whereinthe soft tissue retractor comprises a substantially continuous loop offlexible film, the substantially continuous loop defining a soft tissueretractor perimeter.
 14. The surgical site retractor of claim 13,wherein the length of each of the plurality of legs is between 1 and 3inches, and wherein the soft tissue retractor comprises a soft tissueretractor depth of between 1 and 3 inches.
 15. A surgical retractor,comprising: a base configured to be positioned against an exterior chestwall of a patient; a plurality of legs extending downwardly from thebase, wherein each of the plurality of legs comprises a length extendingfrom a leg proximal end to a leg distal end of the leg, wherein thelength is between 1 and 3 inches; and an expansion mechanism configuredto move the plurality of legs from a closed configuration on the basewherein the plurality of legs are parallel to and adjacent each otherand align with each other in a straight line toward a center of thebase, to an open configuration where the plurality of legs are parallelto and spaced apart from each other and defining a periphery of an openspace therebetween.
 16. The surgical retractor of claim 15, wherein eachof the legs is tapered from the leg proximal end to the leg distal end.17. The surgical retractor of claim 15, wherein the plurality of legscomprises a first end leg at a first end of the straight line, a secondend leg at a second end of the straight line, and one or moreintermediate legs positioned in the straight line between the first endleg and the second end leg.
 18. The surgical retractor of claim 17,wherein the first end leg is tapered toward a side of the leg distal endof the first end leg, and the second end leg is tapered toward a side ofthe leg distal end of the second end leg, wherein each intermediate legis tapered toward a center line at the leg distal end of theintermediate lag, wherein when the plurality of legs are in the closedconfiguration the center line is parallel to the straight line formed bythe plurality of legs toward the center of the base.
 19. The surgicalretractor of claim 15, further comprising: a soft tissue retractorsecured to the plurality of legs, the soft tissue retractor comprising aflexible film extending between the plurality of legs and around theperiphery defined by the plurality of legs.
 20. The surgical retractorof claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of legs comprises asubstantially circular profile when viewed from the leg distal end ofthe respective leg, and wherein the soft tissue retractor comprises aplurality of tubes connected by the flexible film, and wherein each ofthe plurality of tubes is slidingly disposed onto a corresponding one ofthe plurality of legs.